Introduction
When a patient has congenital or acquired anatomical defect in head and neck regions, it might be difficult to obtain glottic exposure for endotracheal intubation. Klippel-Feil syndrome is a clinical triad with low posterior hairline, short neck, and limited range of motion in neck [1]. These patients require much attention during anesthesia because of the high probability of neurological damage from cervical spine instability during endotracheal intubation and body posture change [2-4].
The algorithm for anticipated difficult tracheal intubation includes supraglottic airway device, awake endotracheal intubation and awake fiberoptic intubation [5]. Traditionally, awake fiberoptic intubation has been suggested as a standard approach. However, it is associated with possible complications, including unpleasant experience, hypertension, tachycardia, epistaxis, over-sedation with resultant hypoxemia, and airway loss [6]. Awake endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy essentially requires careful skills with extensive experiences and patient’s cooperation.
Recently, videolaryngoscopes have gained popularity in managing airway in patients with limited neck extension, teeth problem or abnormal airway anatomy. Videolaryngoscopes offer glottic exposure, which is superior to that obtained with direct laryngoscopy in patients with anticipated difficult airway as well as in general population [7]. Videolaryngoscopes are designed similar to conventional laryngoscopes, enabling clinicians to use them successfully without special training. Also, videolaryngoscopes can provide an exposure of glottic opening in patients requiring manual in-line stabilization [8]. We report a case of successful endotracheal intubation using a videolaryngoscope in a patient with congenital anatomic defects in the cervical spine from Klippel-Feil syndrome.
Case
A 22-year-old male patient (147 cm, 45 kg), previously diagnosed to have grade 2 mental retardation, was hospitalized for tooth extraction under general anesthesia. The patient had a history of surgical repair of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus at 2 years of age and a C1–2 fusion for congenital upper spinal deformity and cervical instability at 4 years of age in other hospitals. Six years ago, in 2009, the patient underwent tooth extraction under general anesthesia in our hospital. The patient had facial asymmetry, with maximum mouth opening of 2 cm and thyromental distance of 4 cm, and was confirmed as Mallampati class 4. Chest radiograph revealed no pulmonary abnormality, but higher right scapula and scoliosis with Cobb’s angle of approximately 15° were confirmed (Fig. 1).
To evaluate the cervical spine, flexion and extension radiographs were taken. Non-segmentation of C3–6 and segmental instability between C2 and C3 were confirmed by limitations in neck extension and flexion as well as by traces of C1–2 fusion (Fig. 2). Neurosurgical consultation advised to avoid excessive neck extension, flexion, and rotation because of cervical instability and severe limitations in cervical range of motion.
The patient underwent tooth extraction under general anesthesia in 2009, and the anesthesia record revealed that trans-nasal endotracheal intubation had been tried for 30 minutes and finally failed. Then orotracheal intubation was successfully done by direct laryngoscopy with Schucman blade. It was recorded that the nasal cavity of the patient was asymmetric and severely bowed. Considering the whole circumstances of this patient, awake orotracheal intubation was planned for the current operation. Because orotracheal intubation was successfully done in previous operation, it was decided to lightly sedate the patient with dexmedetomidine infusion for visual confirmation of glottic exposure with videolaryngoscope. Only when glottic exposure with videolaryngoscope was confirmed, anesthetic agents would be given to the patient for endotracheal intubation.
On the patient’s arrival at the operation room, standard monitors, including electrocardiogram, non-invasive blood pressure, and pulse oximetry, were used throughout the surgery. Midazolam 1 mg was given intravenously and 10% lidocaine were sprayed on the patient’s nasal and oral cavity. Then, dexmedetomidine infusion of 1 μg/kg/hr was initiated. After 10 minutes, the patients showed a sluggish response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus, indicating that he was moderately sedated. The patient’s neck was placed in neutral position and Cormack-Lehane grade 2 was confirmed using the McGrathⓇ (Aircraft Medical Ltd, Edinburgh, UK) videolaryngoscope (Fig. 3). Thiopental sodium 250 mg, rocuronium 30 mg, and fentanyl 50 μg were immediately given for induction of general anesthesia, and then endotracheal intubation was performed with a Ring-Adair-Elwin (RAE) tube of internal diameter 6.5 without any difficulty using McGrath videolaryngoscope. Blood pressure and pulse rate were maintained within 30% of the baseline value without a decrease in oxygen saturation throughout the procedure. Surgery was performed for 20 minutes. After 70 minutes of anesthesia, the patient was extubated successfully in the operating room after intravenous injection of glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg and pyridostigmine 10 mg for reversal of muscle relaxation. At the first day postoperatively, the patient was discharged without any complication.
Discussion
Thorough evaluation before anesthesia, including meticulous review of previous anesthesia records, and thoughtful preparation based on planned anticipation are essential parts of anesthetic management of patient with congenital or acquired anatomical defect in head and neck region.
Awake transnasal endotracheal intubation using fiberoptic bronchoscope has been reportedly chosen for airway management of patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome, who present with short neck, small mandible and limited range of motion in neck [9]. For our patient, previous attempts of nasal intubation had failed, and then orotracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy with Shucman blade was successfully done. Considering previous experiences, transnasal intubation could not be a choice for this patient, and orotracheal intubation was only an option for this patient.
Nevertheless, immediate induction of general anesthesia, including full relaxation with neuromuscular blocking agent, was not a prudent approach for this patient, because unanticipated difficulty in airway maintenance could be met. Furthermore, even a successful previous anesthetic experiences do not guarantee to secure the airway in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome, because cervical fusion becomes progressively worse over time [10]. Therefore, we planned to try an airway evaluation with videolaryngoscope under sedation with dexmedetomidine infusion. Fortunately, this exploratory videolaryngoscopy successfully produced glottic exposure of Cormack-Lehane grade 2. Then, orotracheal intubation was immediately done under the general anesthesia, and the neck of this patient was maintained in neutral position throughout the whole procedures. As patient cooperation was not expected because of mental retardation, sedation during exploratory videolaryngoscopy was required even more. Dexmedetomidine was chosen because it caused less respiratory depression than other sedative-hypnotics.
Videolaryngoscope was employed because it was shown to allow glottic exposure without stretching the neck in patient with various airway conditions [8]. Video fluoroscopic investigations demonstrated that movement in upper cervical spines was significantly reduced during endotracheal intubation when videolaryngoscopes were employed, compared to direct laryngoscopes even in patients simulating in-line stabilization of cervical spine [11,12]. Also, videolaryngoscopes were shown to improve glottic exposure and reduce the need for neck extension in patients with restricted neck motion [13,14]. Based on those beneficial effects, we chose videolaryngoscope as the first option for airway management for patients with limited cervical spine motion.
In the pre-anesthesia airway evaluation, any difficulty in endotracheal intubation should be anticipated in consideration of the distance of mouth opening (gap between anterior teeth in maxilla and mandible), the degree of anterior movement of the mandible, the degree of head and neck flexion, the upper lip bite test, the distance between thoracic cartilage and chin, Mallampati classification, and mandibular length [15]. The degree of a patient’s cooperation and previous history of endotracheal intubation also should be considered. A medical record of difficult endotracheal intubation should be preserved to inform the physician at the next anesthesia, as well as the patient that the patient has a difficult airway to manage.
In conclusion, pre-anesthesia airway evaluation and consideration of appropriate plans are essential for anesthetic management in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Anesthesia induction after assessment of glottic exposure using a videolaryngoscope under sedation can be a useful option in patients with anticipated difficult airway, requiring in-line stabilization of cervical spine.
