Graular cell tumor is a rare benign lesion of unknown histogenensis.

A 51-year-old female had a 1.0cm sized, asymptomatic, firm nodule with erythematous, shiny, and smooth surface on her right side of posterior neck for 1 year. Excisional biopsy was done under the impression of epidermal cyst. The histologic specimen showed irregularly arranged dermal nests of large polyhedral cells containing small nuclei and coarsely granular eosinophilic granules within the pale cytoplasm. The granules were PAS-positive and diastase-resistant.

Recurrence was not found until 1 year after excisional treatment.

We report a case of hyperkeratosis of the areola in 18-year-old woman. One year ago. verrucous thickening and dark brownish discoloration developed on the right areola. The patient showed no evidence of associated skin changes. either epidermal nevus or ichthyosis and had no history of estrogen therapy or pregnancy.

Histologic findings showed mild hyperkeratosis. papillomatosis. keratotic plug. elongation of rete ridge, and increased pigmentation in the basal cell layer.

Carbon dioxide(CO₂) laser is the the most commonly used laser in the treatment of cutaneous disorders of the skin. CO₂ laser emits invisible far-infrared radiation of 10,600nm wavelength. This radiation is totally absorbed in a depth of only 0.1~0.2mm of water. Cutaneous tissue has a similar coffficient of absorption since it is 85~90% water. The internal scatter of the laser beam in water is minimal. These two factors, low penetration and minimal scatter, make the CO₂ laser a highly localized tissue-destructive modality.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effect and complication of the CO₂ laser on the cutaneous pigmented and vascular lesions. The data of the 110 patients who were treated between October, 1987 and March, 1989 and could be followed up over 3 months at the Department of Dermatology. Ewha Womans University Hospital were analyzed.

Patients were treated with Pfizer Laser System Model 20-C CO₂ laser. The power ranges were between 2 and 10W using continuous wave accrding to the size and the shape of the lesions.

The CO₂ laser was more effective modality in the treatment of the pgmented lesions. especially lentigenes and solar lentigo than cutaneous vascular lesions. In the cutaneous vascular lesions, CO₂ laser was effective for rosacea and senile angioma.

The sale of hair products has expanded enormously in the last decade. Shampoos constitue the bulk of these products, and shampooing is almost a daily rite for many persons. Especially medicated shampoos & topical steroids were using due to dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis.

Twenty patients with dandurff were treated for 3 weeks by 2.5% selenium sulfide shampoo, 0.15% zine pyrithione shampoo, 2% ketoconazole shampoo, 0.1% hyprocortisone butyrate lotion. All of 4 groups, there corneocyte & nucleocyte counts were decresed remarkably after treatment. And then, we thought that it may be the more effective treatment with low side effect, if adequate combination of these medicated shampoos and topical steroid were used in dandruff and sebrorrheic dermatitis patients.

In 1967, Mehregan et al described a new and distinct clinicopathologic entily that called reactive pergorating collagenosis. This rare disease is classfied with a group of disorders that involve the transepithelial elimination of hestochemically altered dermal tissue. In reactive perforating collagenosis, minor trauma such as an insect bite, scratch, or pliodrbaceous infection alters the collagen fibers in the dermis. We report here a case of reactive perforating collagenosis in a 54-year-old female patient without any associated disseases of specific family history.

Langerhans cells are immunocompetent, dendritic cells of bone marrow derivation that reside within the epidermis. Langerhans cells have been implicated as playing a key role in the processing and presentation of antigens to lymphocyte in contact allergic cell-mediated immune reactions.

The present study was undertaken in order to clarify the effect of topical glucocorticosteroids on the number and the morphological alterations of epidermal Langerhans cells. Three kinds of topical glucocorticosteroids with different potency were applied to the back of guinea pig twice. a day for 14 days. Skin specimens were taken 2nd, 7th, 14th day of the application and 7th day after cessation of application. The ATPase stain and electron microscopic observations were performed to assess the numbers and morphological alterations of epidermal Langerhans cells.

The following results were obtained:

1) The number of epidermal Langerhans cells significantly decreased after 7 days applications of glucocorticosteroids in all experimental groups compared with control(p<0.05).

2) In each experimental group, the decrease of the number of epidermal Langerhans cells was more significant in 0.5% concentration than those in 0.1% concentrations(p<0.05).

3) The difference of effects on Langerhans cell density between corticosteroids was significant(p<0.05).

4) The morphological changes of epidermal Langerhans cells were prominent from 7th day of the application of glucocorticosteroids. Many Langerhans cells showed shortness of dendritic processes, decreased staining properties, enlargement of nuclear chromatin, swelling of mitochondria, dilatation of perinuclear cisternae and endoplasmic reticulum.

In summary, decrements in Langerhans cell density were correlated with the concentration and potency of the topical glucocorticosteroids.

Pemphigus erythematosus(Senear-Usher syndrome) was originally described by Senear and Usher as a type of pemphigus with features of lupus erythematosus. We present two cases of pemphigus erythematosus on the face and trunk. The case 1 was a 41-year-old female who have had erythematous scaly patches and a few flaccid bullae, and treated by corticosteroids and azathioprine. The case 2 was a 42-year-old male who have had same lesions and treated by corticosterids.

Over-exposure to sunlight may result in sunburn, pigmented skin lesions, solar keratosis, premature aging of skin, or cancer in human skin. Sunscreens protect the structure and function of the human integument from the actinic damage. This protective effect is afforded by active ingredients of sunscreens through absorption, reflection, and/or scattering of the solar radiation impinging on the skin. There are oral and topical sunscreens. Para-aminobenzoic acid(PABA), PABA esters, benzophenones(BZ), cinnamates, salicylates and anthranilates are the topical sunscreens absorbing solar radiation. Most of them absorb UVB, but BZ absorb both UVB and UVA. These investgators observed the effect of the sunscreens by calculating sun protection factor(SPF) before and after application of the sunscreens in human skin. To my knowledge, there are no papers which evaluate morphological changes in the epidermal melanocytes after UVB or UVA irradiation following application of the sunscreens. In this experiment, a total of 150 adult male black mice(C57BL) was used. The animals were divided into one control (application of hydrophilic ointment base) and four experimental(application of PABA, Cinnamate, BZ or homomenthylsalicylate (HMS)) groups. Each group was irradiated by UVB and UVA, respectively. Each of the 5 groups were divided into 5 subgroups according to the days of UV light irradiation ; subgroup A for 2 days, B for 4 days, C for 6 days, D for 8days and E for 10 days. The daily doses of UVB and UVA were 50mJ/cm^2 and 5J/cm^2 respectively. YS UVB-400 and Waldmann UV 800 were used as a light source of UVB and UVA. Skin specimens were taken from both ears of the animals 24h after the last irradiation. The split-DOPA preparation was carried out for observation of the numbers and morphological changes of the epidermal melanocytes. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Changes in the numbers of the epidermal melanocytes : The numbers of the epidermal melanocytes markedly decreased in the experimental groups, especially in the group of PABA application(p<0.01), compared in the control group under UVB irradiation (p<0.01). However, only the group of BZ application showed a significant decrease in the numbers compared to the control group under UVA irradiation(p<0.01, p<0.05). 2. Changes in the size of the epidermal melanocytes ; Each experimental group, especially the group of PABA application (p<0.01), showed a significant decrease in the sizes of the epidermal melanocytes under UVB irradiation(p<0.01, p<0.05). On the other hand, only the group of BZ application showed a significant decrease in the sizes compared to the control group under UVA irradiation(p<0.05) From the results, it seems to be sure that PABA, Cinnamate, BZ, HMS can protect UVB from sunlight in the skin of black mice. Furthermore, BZ was effective for protection of UVB and UVA together.

The clinical and histopathological analysis was done on 28 cases of basal cell epithelioma encountered in the Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University Hospital during the past 7 1/2 years period from January 1976 to June 1983. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1) Of 28 patients, 15 cases were male and 13 cases were female with ratio of 1.16:1. 2) Average age was 53.5 years ranging from 15 to 90 years with the highest incidence rate in the age group 60-69 years. 3) Three cases of basal cell epithelioma in the young age group developed from xeroderma pigmentosum. 4) The average duration of disease was 7.5 years ranging from 1 to 20 years. 5) Twenty seven cases(96.4%) occured on face comprising 11 cases on nose, 8 cases on lower eyelid, 3 cases on cheek, each 1 case on forehead, eyebrow, upper lip, angle of mouth and mandible, and remaining 1 case occured on back. 6) The most common noduloulcerative lesion was observed in 7 cases(25.0%), and then followed by(in order)adenoid type and sclerosing type 6 cases (21.4%) respectively, mixed type 5 cases(17.9%) and keratotic type 4 cases(14.3%).

Sebaceous hyperplasia, also called senile sebaceous hyperplasia refers to a benign enlargement of normal sebaceous unit in the old age group. The lesions, single or multiple, elevated, cream to yellowish colored round papules with frequent central umbilication have a predilection for the forehead and cheeks. We present an atypical case of sebaceous hyperplasia on a 31-year-old man. About 15 years ago, a small skin colored papule developed on his right cheek without pre-existing skin eruption or trauma history. The asymptomatic papule enlarged slowly reaching up to a walnut sized plaque.