| Heasoo Koo | 13 Articles |
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We report a case of extensive stage SCLC with EAS confirmed by immunohistochemical stain of ACTH in tumor cells who died early due to rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress and pneumonia before the start of chemotherapy and corticosteroid blocking agent. Through our case, we learn how important early diagnosis and treatment of EAS associated with SCLC are and hope to apply to other cases from now on.
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Apoptosis is a specific mode of cell death recognized by a characteristic pattern of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes, There are several methods of detection of apoptosis. Morphological changes involve a characteristic pattern of chromation and cytoplasm. The landmark of apoptosis is endonucleolysis, with nuclear DNA initially degraded at the linker sections to fragments equivalent to single and multiple nucleosomes. Detection of DNA fragments is situ using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase(TDT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay is increasingly applied to investigate apoptosis. We studied the detection method of apoptosis morphologically and by using TUNEL assay and examined the correlation of p53 expression and apoptosis. Forty-five cases of colorectal cancer were selected. The number of apoptotic bodies was expressed as a number per 100 cancer cells. The TUNEL assay was performed with in situ Apoptag kit®. The mean number of the apoptotic bodies was 2.28 in the patients who survived over 5 years after curative resection and 3.55 in the patients who died within 5 years(p=0.001). There was a relationship between the number of apoptotic bodies which were measured by morphologic study and the results which were measured by TUNEL assay. There was no relationship between p53 expression and apoptosis. These results suggest that the frequency of apoptotic bodies may be a prognostic factor for colorectal cancer and apoptosis could be measured by morphological study without special study.
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Paclitaxel(Taxol) si a chemotherapeutic agent with potent microtubule stabilizing activities that arrests cell cycle in G2-M. Since D2-m is the most radiosensitive phase of the cell cycle, paclitaxel has potential as a cell cycle-specific radiosensitizer. This study was designed to investigate the effects of paclitaxel to radiotoxicity in normal rat liver. A single intraperitoneal infusion of paclitaxel(10mg/kg), and a single irradiation(8Gy, x-ray) to the whole abdomen, and combination of irradiation(8Gy,x-ray)24 hours after paclitaxel infusion were done in Sprague-Dawley rats. The incidence of mitosis, apoptosis and parenchymal changes of the liver were evaluated at 6 hours, 24 hours, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Paclitaxel and irradiation significantly increased mitosis at 6 hours and apoptosis was increased by irradiation at 6 and 24 hours. Increased numbers of apoptosis at 3 days by paclitaxel alone was not significantly different from control. Combination of paclitaxel and irradiation showed significantly increased numbers of mitosis and apoptosis at 6 hours. The degree of necrosis of hepatocyte was not significantly different between 3 groups. Since the incidence of mitosis, apoptosis and hepatocyte necrosis were not increased by paclitaxel infusion 24 hours before irradiation, paclitaxel did not show radiosensitizing effect in this experimental condition. Studies with conditions similar to clinical situation will be the next stop to define the radiosensitizing effects of paclitaxel.
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The histopathology of the brains of rats killed was studied, fo11owing various doses of 20 to 30 Gy X rays with or without cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) treatment. Choroid plexus in lateral ventricles, neuropil, and neuronal changes were evaluated in coronal sections of the brain. The changes were different depending on survival days regardless of dosage of irradiation or cisplatin treatment. At 4 days after irradiation, the changes of choroid plexus were marked and associated with diffuse perivascular edema. At 6 days after irradiation, choroid plexus showed congestion of blood vessels with no changes in epithelial cells and neuropil.The degenerative changes in neurons were marked at 6 days and minimal after 7 days, which suggests the reversible changes of neurons in radiation damage of rat brain. Those rats with 20 Gy irradiation, killed at 3 or 9 days, showed mild to moderate vacuolizatlon of epithelial cells and dilatation of capillaries with no perivascular edema. Cisplatin treatment showed mild to moderate changes in choroid plexus with no changes in neurons and neuropil.
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The application of the fine needle aspiration(FNA) cytology to the soft tissue tumors has been used increasingly in the preoperative diagnosis of these tumors due to its usefulness and accuracy. We present a case of liposarcoma, showing mosly myxoid component, but small portions of round cell and dedifferentiated component, diagnosed by FNA cytology with histologic confirmation. Good correlation between histologic and FNA cytologic findings was found. Although the cytologic appearances of liposarcomas varied with histologic type, the main criterion was the presence of atpical multivacuolated lipoblast with characgteristically scalloped nuclei.
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The effect of high dose of glucocorticoid in acute spinal cord injury has been well proved experimentally and clinically. In addition, the beneficial effect of steroids in cerebral vasogenic edema has been well documented and clinically steroids are now a part of the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. Consequent trials of high dose steroid therapy in CNS injury have been proved its ineffectiveness or adverse effecis in clinical and experimental studies. Also, dexamethasone treatment in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in rats showed adverse effects on neurons in most of the studies in adult and immature rats, except one report which showed neuroprotective effects of dexamethasone pretreatment in 7-day-old immature rats. This study was designed to see if there was same neuroprotective effect in adult rat since no previous experiments used same amounts of steroid at this time intervals. Hypoxic-ischemic injury was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, 150~240 gms, by Levine procedure with some modification (left carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen-92% nitrogen gas for 2 hours). The animals were divided into four groups and dexamethasone was injected as follows : (I) hypoxic-ischemic control group without dexamethasone injection(n=16) ; (II) 0.5mg/kg i.p. 3 times, 48 and 24 hours, and immediately before the carotid artery ligation and 8% oxygen treatment(n=16) ; (III) 2.0mg/kg at same time with (II) (n=14) ; (IV) 1.0gm/kg 3 times at immediately after, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure(n=20). The neuropathological changes were interpreted 7 days after the procedure. The results are summarized as follows : 1) In hypoxic-ischemic control group(I), 5 out of 16 rats(31.3%) of rats showed large infarction involving ipsilateral side of the brain and other 4~5 rats showed severe neuronal damage in anterior and posterior cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. 2) Compare to control group, dexamethasone 0.5mg/kg 3 times pretreatment group(II) showed similar neuronal damage in all areas, although the infaction was focal in striatum and thalamus in group II and generalized in group I. The changes were not statistically significant. 3) Group III showed no significant difference from groups I, II, and IV. 4) Group IV showed more neuronal damage in CA1-2 area of hippocampus compare to groups I and II(p<0.01, p<0.005, respectively). 5) Mortality rate was not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, dexamethasone pretreatment did not improve hypoxic-ischemic neuronal damage in adult rats. Dexamethasone posttreatment aggravated neuronal damages in CA1-2 area of hippocampus compare to control and pretreatment groups.
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Estrogen receptor-related protein was examined on gastrectomy specime from 16 cases of advaced gastric adenocarcinoma and 7 cases of early gastric carcinoma(EGC) by using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. Positive reaction was seen in 7 out of 16 cases of advanced carcinoma and in 4 out of 8 cases of EGC(50%). Among advanced carcinoma, 3 cases of mucinous carcinoma were negative and 2 cases of signet ring cell carcinoma(SRC) showed focal positive reaction only in combined poorly differentiated(PD) area(10% of tumor cells). PD advanced carcinoma consisted of 4 cases of medullary type and 3 cases of individual cell type. Two out of 4 medullary type showed positive reaction in 20 and 80% of tumor cells and 2 out of 3 individual cell type showed positive reaction in 50 and 70% of tumor cells. Gland-forming type of advanced carcinoma consisted of 1 each case of intestinal and cardiac type and 1 mixed intestinal and cardiac type. Only 1 case of intestinal type showed positive reaction in 50% of tumor cells Among EGC, 2 cases of SRC were negative and 2 cases of PD carcinoma showed 5 and 10% positivity in PD area and 20 and 40% positivity in admixed gland-forming area. Gland-forming EGC consisted of 3 cased of intestinal type and 1 case of cardiac type. One case from each group showed positive reaction in 50 and 20% of tumor cells, respectively. In summary, positive reaction to antibody to estrogen receptor-related protein(P29) was expressed in PD(66.7%), gland-forming(50%), SRC, and mucinous type in order in both early and advanced carcinoma. The difference between age, sex, and other factors was not clear due to limitation of specimen.
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The effects of radiation and Cis dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (Cis-DDP) were assessed in rectum of rats by histopathological changes. Rats were exposed to single doses of X ray(6~10 Gy) without or with Cis-DDP(2.5mg/kg). In combined group, Cis-DDP was given 30 minntes before or immediately after irradiation. Cis-DDP alone showed inflammatory cell infiltration and increased goblet cells in the mucosa and edema and fibrosis of submucosa with vascular sclerosis. With increased radiation dosage. such changes were aggravated. Necrosis of muscle layer developed 8 Gy irradiation. In groups with combination treatment of X-ray and Cis-DDP. changes of mucosa and submucosa were not significantly different from radiation alone group, but necrosis of the muscle layer was developed in 6 Gy combination group and degree was more severe in 8 and 10 Gy combination group compared to radiation alone group. There was no difference according to the timing of Cis DDP administration before or after irradiation. This result suggests Cis DDP enhance the radiation effect on the rectum of rats and enhancement ratio was 1.3 as the endpoint was necrosis of the muscle layer.
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In experimental neurogenerative diseases, aluminum(Al) intoxication and axotomized sensory neurons showed an abnormal accumulation of neurofilaments(NF) in the neuronal perikarya. These NF contain phosphorylated(ph) epitopes that are not detectable in normal perikaryal NF. Antimitotic drugs also cause accumulations of NF probably by depolymerization of microtubules(MT). The present study was designed to examine immunohistochemical changes of NFs following administration of antimitotic drugs, which result in accumulation of NFs in the cell body through a different pathogenetic mechanism than aluminum. Adult rabbits were injected intracisternally with 25-50µg of maytansine and maytanprine, two antimitotic agents. Tissues were obtained from experimental and control animals and processed for histological and immunocytochemical examinations. Large bundles of NF in the perikarya and proximal processes of large neurons from experimental animals reacted intensely with monoclonal antibodies(mAb) to ph epitopes of 200 KDa NF subunit as well as with mAb recognizing nonphosphorylated(non-ph) NF epitopes. Neuronal perikarya from control animals immunoreacted only with mAb to non-ph NF Immunoreaction of Ab to the microtubule associated protein 2(MAP-2) and to tubulin was similar in neurons from experimental and control animals. No immunoreaction was detected with antibodies to tau proteins. The abnormal presence of ph epitopes in accumulating NF under different conditions indicate that neurons affected in different diseases show aberrant phosphorylation of NF proteins associated with functional impairment.
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