The rapidly expanding field of flow cytometry consists of the simultaneous measurementof several parameters while a suspension of celts flows through a beam of light past stationary detectors.

Flow cytometric DNA analysis can even be performed on nuclear suspensions recoveredfrom thick sections of routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks with results remarkably similar to those obtained using fresh tissues.

Because the main limitation of flow cytometry is that cells need to be in a single-cell suspension in order to be analysed, image cytometric device was recentry developed.

At present study, we did comparison between flow cytometric and image cytometric methodsin measurement of DNA ploidy pattern of same specimen from human and experimentalanimal tissue and obtained a good correlation between 2 methods.

It is concluded that DNA image cytometry appears to be supplementary to FCM for thestudy of DNA ploidy abnormalities and that the combined results of these methods havea major influence on the clinical outcome.

Salmonella typhus endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide constituent of the cell walls of gram-negative micro-organism, is a major cause of the local inflammation, systemic symptom, and shock.

It recently has been reported the cytokine including tumor necrosis factor and interleukin I as mediators of inflammation and immunity.

However the mechanism of tissue injury and morphologic change of reticuloendothelial system have not yet been confirmed.

In the present study, it was aimed to clarify the morphologic changes of reticuloendothelial system, spleen, according to experimental duration by endotoxin administration and the antagonized effect of dexamethasone pretreatment.

In summary of this study, the initial light microscopic changes after endotoxin administration were phagocytic activity of histiocytes and congestion at 1 hour, followed by germinal center widening due to proliferation of geminal cell at 6 hrs and sinus histiocytic proliferation with focal necrosis at 12 hrs, and variably increased degree of morphologic changes in longer duration.

Dexamethasone pretreatment of rats suppressed morphologic changes particularly in sinus histiocytic proliferation and local necrosis beginning from 1 hour of experiment.

Electron microscopic findings were confined mainly pyknotic cell, necrotic debris, and degenerative changes such as vacuolization and electron dense bodies after endotoxin administrations as confirmation of light microscopic changes.

Three new developed enzyme immunoassays(EIA) for urinary pregnancy tests were compared with the three older latex agglutination assays(LATEX) in the urine samples of 138 patients.

The examined kits included EIA (Testpack hCG-Urine. Tandem ICON II hCG Urine, Target hCG) and direct LATEX (Betatex direct, Pregnancy Quick test, Synchron hCG).

The results were as follows:

1) The coincidence rate between EIA and direct LATEX is 91%. The coincidence rate between EIA and radioimmunoassay(RIA) is 100%.

2) The range of the discrepancy between EIA and LATEX is 79mlU/ml to 855mlU/ml.

3) When the EIA is considered to be the standard method. the sensitivity and specificity of Latex are 78% and 100%.

4) The hCG of the urine specimen which were found to be negative by EIA and LATEX is below 50mlU/ml.

5) There is no false positive result in proteinuria(2+) and bloody urine(1+) in the EIA and Latex.

5) There is no false positive result in proteinuria(2+) and bloody urine(1+) in the EIA and Latex.

We conclude EIA is the nost sensitive procedure(lowest detection limits)for qualitatively detecting hCG in urine samples secreted by early pregnancy.

Castleman's disease(Giant lymph node hyperplasia) is a disorder characterized by massive enlargement of lymph node in the mediastinum and occurs rarely in the neck, axillary area and abdomen. Giant lymph node hyperplasia was first described by Castleman in 1954. The Castleman's disease in the retropertoneum is the extremely rare disease according to the literatures.

The authors experienced a Castleman's disease in the retroperitoneum of 40 year old male patient who had been suffered from intermittent abdominal discomfort and indigestion. and so reported the case with thereview of the literatures.

Malignant schwannoma is a malignant neoplasm of nerve sheath cells. It develops in a solitary fashion or associated with Von Recklinghausen disease.

We experienced a malignant schwannoma in a 20-year old man with Von Recklinghausen disease. The lesion was gure, irregular, cystic and solid mass with septations in the right retroperitoneal region, inferior to the kidney. The histologic findings of retroperitoneal and pulmonary mass was compatible with malignant schwannoma. Incomplete excision due to infiltration to the adjacent tissue, radiotherapy and combined chemotherapy were performed.

We report a case of retroperitoneal malignant schwannoma associated with Von recklinghausen disease.

The immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies along with clinical presentation were performed and compared 1n 4 cases of Henoch-Schoenlein(HS) nephritis and 16 cases of IgA nephropagthy. The clinical and pathological findings of two conditions were similar. The light microscopic findings show more severe glomerular (high grade by ISKDC) change in HS nephritis than IgA nephropathy. The immunofluorescence study reveals exclusively IgA only or IgA with C3 deposition mainly at mesangium in IgA nephropathy, where as the HS nephritis show variable deposition of all immune globulin(IgA, IgC, IgM, C3, Fibrinogen, mainly mesangium associated with pericapillary area. Electron dense deposition in the mesangium were the most constant feature in IgA nephrogathy, where as variable extention of electron-dense peposition to the pericapillary, subepithelial and subendothelial area in HS nephritis were observed.

The fact that the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 2Hcl(DMH) to rats by weekly subcutaneous injections causes the development of epithelial tumors of the large intestine has been known. But the axact processes of of early morphologic changes of colonic lesion induced by DMH treatment in the rats have not been fully testified as yet. The objective of the dissertation research is to examine early morphologic changes of colonic lesion induced by DMH treatment in the rats. Total seventy cases including 14 control rats of Sprague Dawley male rats were analyzed by histopathologic changes. One is 20mg/kg/wk DMH treated rat group and the other is 40mg/kg/wk DMH treated rat group. DMH was injected s.c. at the start of each treatment weekly during 20 weeks, and the animals were killed at 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17 or 20 weeks both in 20mg/kg/wk DMH treated group and in 40mg/kg/wk DMH treated group. The following results were obtained: Hyperplasia and mitosis of the crypt are presented in early phase of DMH treatment. Cellular dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are shown in later phase of DMH treatment. The same changes as the above are also identified in electron microscopic findings. The more doses of DMH are injected to rats, the more evident these findings are presented. The alkaline phosphatase activity in glandular epithelial cells are observed in cellular dysplasia and neoplastic changes. The alkaline phosphatase may be considered as tumor marker.

From April 1981 to March 1985, a clinical study was made at the Intcrnal Medicine department of Ewha Womans University Hospital on 13 patients with IgA nephropathy. The following results were obtained. 1) The mean age of patients was 27 years, the male to femle ratio was 1.2:1. The most common chief complaint was gross hematuria(38%). 2) In urinalysis, hematuria and proteinuria were noted 100% and 92%, respectively. Creatinine clearance was decreased than normal range of creatinine clearance. ASO titer, immunoglobulin and C3 level were normal range. 3) Kidney biopsy finding showed minor mesangeal change in 62% of patients. IgA deposition was noted in all patients.

Adriamycin is one of the most effective antitumor for carcinoma and sarcoma of variable internal organ. ADR induced cardiotoxicity has been reported as an serious complication. However recentely ADR induced nephrotoxicity has been documented in a variety of animal species. The present study was aimed to analyse the light and electron microscopic findings of renal glomeruli and tubules of rats treated by ADR. The results of the experiment are as follows: 1) The major histopathologic findings of Adriamycin induced glomerulonephropathy in rats are mesangeal thickeness and vacuolization of epithelial cell. 2) The major electron microscopic finding of ADR glomerulonephropathy in rats are focal or diffuse foot process fusion and vacuolization of epithelial microvilli. 3) Those light and electron microscopic glomerulonephropathy in rats are tend to be increased by ADR dosage and duration.

The uterine cervical neoplasia has been generally classified following categories included such as dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, microinvasive carcinoma, invasive carcinoma and therpeutic method depended upon types of classification. Recent advances in tumor markers offer new horizon in the pathology of uterine cervix. For instance, carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), one of the best known tumor markers, has been detected in tissue section of cervical neoplasia. In view of rather than tissue loation of CEA and in the hope of chages of the CEA in cervical neoplasia, aothour has undertaken a study of preinvasive and invasive epithelial lesions of the uterine cervix by immunoperoxidase technique. Seventy-nine cases of uterine cervical neoplasia were subclassified and studied by peroxidase anti-peroxidase method(PAP) for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA). The following results were obtained : 1) Normal squamous epithelium was lack of CEA but the cervical neoplastic epithelium showed CEA positivity in 73 of 79 cases(92.4%). 2) Preinvasive lesions, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ showed CEA-positivity cells in 37 of 39 cases(94.9%) while ivasive lesions had CEA-positivity cells in 29 of 33 cases(87.9%). 3) The squamous epithelium of dysplasia revealed CEA positivity in all cases. In mild to moderate dysplasia, CEA-positive cells were present at the ypper layers of squamous epithelium. However, the severe dysplasia showed positive cells throughout the water layers. 4) The pattern of CEA staining in carcinoma in situ was shown in epithelial leyers except basal cells but the intensity was more strong in the luminal border of carci-noma in situ with glandular involvement. 5) Antigen was present in 57.1% of small cell non keratinizing squamous carcinoma as compared with 100% in large cell keratinizing and large cell nonkeratizing tumors. 6) The pattern of CEA tissue distribution in invasive carcinoma was shown in tumor cells adjacent to stroma, and percentage(27.2%) of strong positivity was twice higher than that(2.8%) of perinvasive lesion. 7) In adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma moderate to strong positivity for CEA was seen in glandular epitheium and stroma. These investigation has shown that CEA emerges as a useful tumor marker in cervical neoplasia. The localization of CEA by immunoperoxidase technique may add objectivity in the diagnosis of cervical neoplasia by virtue of positive staining pattern.

Most optic gliomas are benign astrocytomas that might better be considered hamartomas than true neoplasms. Optic gliomas rerely becomemalignant and their morbidity is mainly due to enlargement of the tumor. The presenting symptoms and signs are variable depending on the location of the tumor. We experienced a huge optic chiasm and optic nerve glioma which caused hydrocephalus, vomiting, gait disturbance and decreased visual acuity in 4 years old boy.

Three distinct antigen-antibody systems are associated with hepatitis B virus(HBV):hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) and its antibody(Anti-HBs): Hpatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and its antibody(Anti-HBc) and hepatitis Be antigen(HBeAg) and its antibody(Anti-HBe). Among them HBe antigen and anti-HBe are now interested by most of physician because its presence in serum may indicate chronic carrier of hepatitis, so that the number of determination of HBeAg and Anti-HBe as adjuncts in the clinical evaluation of patients who are HBsAg positive increased daily. HBe Ag has been also shown its evidence of infectivity in vertical transmission among HBsAg positive pregnant woman by several investigation. However there is lack of morphologic studies on liver biopsy in HBe Ag positive patient. The auther has done simultaneously determination of serologic markers of hepatitis and liver biopsy on 80 patients who have abnormal liver function test. The results are summarized as follow: 1) The positivity of HBe Ag is 23% among all 80 cases of liver disease and 61% among HBs Ag positive patients. 2) The positivity of anti-HBe is 21% among all 80 cases of liver disease and 54% among HBsAg positive patients. 3) Hepatic enzyme activity reveals that SGOT is considerably higher in HBe Ag positive than in anti-HBe positive patients and SGPT is higher in HBeAg positive patients compared with both HBsAg positive and anti-HBe positive patiens. 4) Liver biopsies of HBe Ag positive patients show characteristically hepatocytic necrosis, eosinophilic bodies, piecemeal necrosis, and intralobular mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. 5) Liver biopsies of anti-HBe positive patients show mainly limited lymphocytic infiltration in portal triad and absence of hepatocytic necrosis, eosinophilic bodies, and piecemeal necrosis.

We had experienced one case of amyloidosis, especially involving kidney associated with nephrotic syndrome and liver who was admitted to Ewha University Hospital due to abdominal distension and extremities edema.

Diagnozis was made characteristic clinical and histopathologic finding with crystal violet and congo red staining produced green birefringence under polarized light.

We sdiscussed this case with review of literatures.

In this study, 160 cases of breast tumor which had been treated for 6 years and 6 months(from Jan. 1977 to Jun. 1983) were reviewed and summarized as follows:1) 160 cases of breast tumor(157 cases in females, and 3 cases in males) were classified as fibroadenoma. 64 cases(40%), dysplasia 42 cases(26.25%), and breast cancer. 33 cases(20.63%). 2) The abundant age groups were first and second decades in fibroadenoma, third decade in dysplasia. and fourth decade in breast cancer. 3) The most predominant complaint was palpable mass in breast(93.75%), and the duration of symptom was less than 1 year in almost patients(48.75%). 4) The right side of breast was more frequently affected than left side in patients with fibroadenoma or dysplasia(right side : 52.5%, left side : 41.25%) but in patients with breast cancer, the left side was more frequently affected. (right side : 27.27%, left side : 42.43%). 5) The most frequent site of distant metastasis was ipsilateral axllary lymph nodes(30.3%). 6) Excision was performed in most cases(69.38%), and radical mastectomy was performed in 25 cases(15.63%). 7) The size of tumor was 2cm to 5cm in most cases(51.25%).

Endodermal sinus tumor is characterized by perivascular structures(Schiller-Duval bodies). which simulate endodermal diverticula of yolk sac origin. Endodermal sinus tumor has generally been reported to be in ovary and testis. Very few cases of endodermal sinus tumor originating from extragonadal sites such as mediastinum, pelvis, vagina, sacrococcygeal region, pineal gland have been described. The authors report a case of endodermal sinus tumor arising from pineal gland and briefly review literatures.

Studies of immunoglobulin levels in disease become popular in the mid and late 1960's and there have been many investigation of immunoglobulin alteration in hepatic disorders. More sensitive methodes for detecting hepatitis B virus(H-BV) antigen(HBsAg) are developed. As a result, it has provided higher incidence of HBV carriers. Several investigators have reported that serum immunoglobulin M(IgM) value is much higher in acute viral hepatitis. The purpose of this study is early detection of acute viral hepatitis among HBsAg positive patients and recognitiono of present illness from past history by determination of serum immunoglobulin along with conventional liver function tests. The auther have done serum immunoglobulin in 50 cases of HBsAg positive patients who visited to EWUH with symptoms during the period, March to October 1981. Diagnosis of those patients was made on the basis of symptom, liver function test, and histologic liver biopsy. The results are summerized as follow : 1. Mean value(±2SD) of IgG, IgA, IgM in HBsAg positive acute viral hepatitis are 1676±349mg%, 294±165mg%, and 229±134mg%. 2. Immunoglobulin M levels iin approxiamtely 84% of all HBsAg positive acute viral hepatitis are significantly higher than other hepatic disease. 3. Immunoglobulin G level is significantly higher in liver cirrhosis and hepatoma, and immunoglobulin A level is higher in chronic hepatitis, while immunoglobulin M is higher in acute vital hepatitis than normal. 4. The relationship between immunoglobulin levels and liver enzme generally reveals that the higher the enzyme level, the higher the IgM level and the lower the enzyme level, the higher the IgG and IgA. In conclusion, Immunoglobulin M levels in HBsAg positive acute viral hepatitis cases are significantly high, therefore, it could be a good indicator of not only differentiating present illness from the past history, but also differentiating acute viral hepatitis from other hepatic disease.

A malignant mixed mesodermal tumor of the bladder from 70-year-old woman is presented. Malignant mixed mesodermal tumor is a designation applied to carcinosarcoma characterized by the presence of heterologous mesenchymal elements. The tumor tends to be large, bulky, intraluminal tumors that grows rapidly and infiltrates widely. The tumor occurs predominantly in elderly men, and aggresive surgical treatment is indicated because of the poor prognosis. Histologically this neoplasm was composed of epithelial components of transitional and squamous cell carcinoma, and mesnechymal components of fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteogenic sarcoma.

Gastroshisis is a rare congenital defect demanding urgent surgical correction. It is a full thickness cleft of the abdominal wall next to the insertion of the cord through which the intestines are eviserated. The characteristics which differentiate gastroschisis from omphalocele are the extra-umbilical location of the abdominal wall defect, the normal insertion of the umbilical cord, and the abscence of a covering sac or its ruptured remnants.

The child had unevenful postoperative course and has grow up normal and healthy. This paper is concerned with our experience of a survival case and reviewed the embryo-logy, pathology, associated anormalities, and the current concepts in the management of gastroschisis in the literatures.

The brenner tumor of the ovary has been the topic of voluminous clinical and pathologic literatures since its original description by Macnaughton Jones in 1898. One of the major problems confronting most investigators of this uncommon neoplasm has been the question of histogenesis. There is general agreement that the tumor is derived from surface epithelium, as are the serous and mucinous cystadenomas. Recently we have experienced a case of Brenner tumor which was found in the wall of a mucinous cystadenoma. A brief review of the literatures and a discussion concerning Brenner tumor are presented in this paper.

The present study was performed to evaluate the histochemical properties of epithelial mucins in diseased gallbladders.

18 gallbladder specimens were selected in which metaplastic goblet cells had been observed. Of the specimens 9 were gallstone and 9 cholecystitis.

For microscopic examination, tissues were sectioned at a thickness 5µm, and were stained with following histochemical techniques: Alcian blue at pH 1.0 or 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff's reaction (PAS).

Observed results were as follows:

1) In ordinary gallbladder the epithelial cells showed a predominance of sulphated mucosubstance.

2) In many case of cholelithiasis a typical goblet-typed epithelial cells were found in the top of folds. In large goblet cell area the relative proportion of sulphated acid mucin decreased and correspondingly non-sulphated acid mucin increased.

3) In the case of cholecystitis the intracellular mucin of high columnar epithelium predominated in the deep area of folds.

4) The neutral mucin predominated in the surface epithelium of gallbladder under pathological condition.

Mixed mesodermal tumor and carcinosarcoma are well recognized disease entities in the uterus. It is not widely known, however, that histologically identical tumors also occur in the ovary. Most patients were reported postmenopausal and iparous. An enlarging abdomen with a palpable mass was the most common clinical presentation. Though grossly carcinosarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumors are usually indistinguishable, mixed mesodermal tumors contain heterologous components, such as striated muscle cells, cartilage, osteoid and fat, as well as carcinosarcoma. The disease is usually advanced when diagnosed and provides bad prognosis.

A case of mixed mesodermal tumor of the ovary is presented. The patient was 62 years old postmenopausal woman and the numbers of parity and delivery were twice without an experience of abortion. Though abdominal mass was incidentally detected one year ago, newly found diabetes mellitus postponed the operation. These days it has rapidly grown up to child head size accompanied with abdominal pain, and right salpingoophorectomy was done, which measured about 15cm in maximum dimension and 1,000gm in weight. The tumor is largely cystic remaining peripheral red brown to grey white solid part. Histologic findings are characterized by papillary, well differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma, and spindle cell sarcoma merged with myxoid and chondroid islands. The cartilage is pleomorphic add anaplastic.