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The present study was carried out to examine the effect of a carcinogen, aflatoxin B₁ on the pathogenesis of the bile duct changes in mice experimentally infected with Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. A total of 75 male albino mice of the BALB/c strain was used, and divided into 3 group; group I, treated with 1.0ppm aflatoxin B₁ in drinking water alone for 12 weeks; group II, given 50 Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae alone and group III, given 50 metacercariae at the beginning of the 12 week treatment with 1.0 ppm aflatoxin B₁ in drinking water. Three mice were served as untreated-uninfected normal control. All mice were fed the standard protein diet which was synthesized and supplied by the Laborarory of Sam-Lip Food Co. Since the 4th week three mice from each group were removed and sacrigiced at 4 week interval up to the 32nd week. The hepatobiliary tissues were extracted and subsequently prepared for light microscopic examination. The tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Mice in group I showed no significant changes except the lower degrees of bile ductular proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration at the portal regions at an earlier stage. In groups II and III there were remarkable together with extensive acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrations, cellular atypia and periductal fibrosis from earlier stages. However, in group III the histopathological changes observed were more prominent than those in group II throughout the observation. As the time elapsed, they showed gradual regression with some fluctuations in the degrees. No any evidences of malignant changes of epithelial cells were noted in group II, but in group III the first tumor was found at the 28th week and the second one was at the 32nd week, respectively. Histologically the tumors observed were well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the bile duct. It was appeared that the tumors were of peripheral origin with a tendency of multifocal growth. They also showed an infiltrative growth pattern, increased mucin droplets, increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromatism. No hepatocellular carcinoma was noticed throughout the observation. In conclusion, it was suggested that Clonorchis sinensis infection promotes carcinogenic action aflatoxin B₁, a carcinogenic agent.

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• Effect of Clonorchis sinensis infection and dimethylnitrosamine administration on the induction of cholangiocarcinoma in Syrian golden hamsters
  J H Lee, H J Rim, U B Bak
  The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1993; 31(1): 21.     CrossRef

The reliability of postoperative CEA testing in the recurrent colorectal cancer was studies using serial CEA determinations for the early detection of the recurrent colorectal cancer. The data was derived 15 patients in my experience. The results were as follows. 1) In the aspect of the relation of CEA levels and the clinucal stages of colorectal cancer, the CEA levels did not correlate well parallel with the Dukes stages of colorectal cancer in this study. 2) The postoperative CEA levels are remarkably reduced 13 out of 15 patients. And 2 patients are slightly increased, which is not significant because they were within normal limit pre- and postoperatively. 3) The CEA levels were elevated remarkably in recurrent cancers. Especially in the patient with liver metastesis, the serum CEA levels were elevated abruptly. And in case with preoperatively high CEA levels, interval to recurrences was shortened.

Seventy one pregnant women who were admitted and delivered at Ewha Womans University Hospital were diagnosed as syphilis by VDRL(Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) rest and TPHA(Treponema pallidum, hemagglutination assay). These seventy one pregnant women with syphilis and their new born babies were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The prevalence rate of syphilis in pregnant women was about 0.75%)71 seropositive women among 9410 women during a period of 4 year from Jan. 1983 to Dec. 1986). 2) In obstetric history, rate of spontaneous abortion was 14.1%, stillbirth; 8.5%, neonatal death; 4.2%, and congenital anomaly; 4.2%. 3) Obstetric complications of fetal side were prematurity(12.7%), small for date baby(12.7%), intrauterine fetal death(8.5%), and neonatal death(2.8%). Maternal obstetric complications were preeclampsia(12.7%), spontaneous premature rupture of membrane(12.7%), anemia in pregnancy(11.3%), hepatitis(5.6%), abruptio placentae(2.8%), and diabetes mellitus(1.4%). 4) 39.4% of pregnant women with syphilis were detected by syphilitic test at admission for delivery, and 8.5% were detected by visiting hospital because of absence of fetal movement. 23.9% of pregnant women with syphilis were detected by syphilitic test during the antenatal care, and 28.2% were detected already before this pregnancy. 39.4% of pregnant women with syphilis failed to check the syphilitic test during the antepartum period in spite of taking antenatal care. 5) VDRL titers of the syphilitic mother were 1 : 1(23.1%), 1 : 2(36.9%), and 1 : 32 or more (7.7%). VDRL titers of the fetus were negative(30.8%), weakly reactive(7.7%), and 1 : 1(35.4%). 6) Mother's VDRL titers in cases of intrauterine fetal death were 1 : 2-1 : 64. In neonatal death, VDRL titers of the neonate were 1:64-1:320, and mother's titers were 1:32-1:320.

A clinico-statistical analysis was performed on 1373 cases who complained of hoarseness at the dept. of Otolaryngology of Ewha Womans University hospital during the past 10 years from Jan. 1975 to Dec. 1984 and the following results were obtained. 1) Among total of 44,912 who visited the dept. of Otolaryngology, the patients with hoarseness were 1373 cases(3.1%). 2) Among total of 1373 cases, male were 585 and female were 787, the ratio being 1:1.3. 3) The underlying diseases causing hoarseness in order frequency were acute laryngitis 374 cases(27.2%), chronic laryngitis 325 cases(23.7%), vocal nodule 248 cases(18.1%), vocal polyp 130 cases(9.5%), vocal cord paralysis 101 cases(7.4%), laryngeal cancer 24 cases(1.7%). 4) The highest incidence of age causing hoarseness in order frequency were 3rd decade 368 cases(26.8%), 2nd decade 312(22.7%), 4th decade 297 cases(21.6%). 5) The highest incidence of age for underlying diseases in order of frequency were as that follows: acute laryngitis in 2nd decade 114 cases(30.5%), chronic laryngitis in 3rd decade 92 cases(28.3%), vocal nodule in 3rd decade 81 cases(32.7%), vocal polyp in 4th decade 38 cases(29.2%), vocal cord paralysis in 5th decade 19 cases(18.8%), laryngeal cancer in 5th decade 13 cases(54.2%). 6) Number of the patients who came the hospital within 10 days after the onset of hoarseness were 272 cases(19.8%), 15 cases(1.1%) had medical attention for first time 10 years after hoarseness. 7) The highest incidence of the duration from the onset to consultation for the underlying diseases were as that follows: acute laryngitis within 10 days 205 cases(54.8%), chronic laryngitis 3M-6M 76 cases (23.4%), vocal nodule 3M-6M 55 cases(22.2%), vocal polyp 6M-1 Yr 32 cases(24.6%), vocal cord paralysis 3M-6M 20 cases(19.8%).

Histamine-induced cutaneous wheal responses were measured in 24 healthy subjects. The effect of the potent H₁ blocker, hydroxyzine HCI, the H₂ blocker, cimetidine, and the two drugs in combination was determined. The H₁ blocker alone produced a mean wheal suppression of 77%(p<0.005). The H₂ blocker alone produced a mean wheal suppression of 35%(p<0.01). The H₁ plus H₂ blocker produced 79% suppression. But the augmented suppression of H₁ plus H₂ blocker vs H₁ blocker was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The result provide evidence that H₂ receptors are present in the human cutaneous blood vessel, but additional studies must be performed to determine the significance of combined H₁ and H₂ blockade over H₁ blocker alone in suppression of histamine-induced wheal formation.