A large number of chemicals have the ability to induce cancer in a variety of tissues of various hosts, including man. Despite current interest in the viral etiology of a limited number of specific human cancers, it is generally believed that most human cancers may be caused by chemicals present either as environmental contaminants or produced in certain instances from endogenous factors. Although great advances have been made in studies of the metabolism of many chemical carcinogens and on mechanisms of their reaction with cellular constituents the fact stands out that we do not understand the pathobiological action of single chemical carcinogen. It has been known for along time that many classes of chemical carcinogens become covalantly bound to DNA. RNA, and proteins of the cells in target tissues. It has become axiomatic that the induction of cancer by chemical carcinogens results from such covalent binding to one or more of these cellular macromolecules. However, despite much intensive reserch, the macromolecular target has not yet unequivocally been identified. Among the important classes of chemical carcinogens that become covalently bound to tissue macromolecules are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH), aromatic amines, nitrosamines, and aflatoxins. These carcinogens must be matabolized to a chemically reactive form which then reacts to form covalent macromolecular complexes. The millers and others have discovered that these metabolic actvations are carried out primarily by the microsomal mixed function oxidases. These enzyme systems, which are usually considered detoxifying and drug metabolizing, are the same ones that activate chemicals to carcinogenic and mutagenic forms.

Formalin fixed cervical tissues from 169 patients were grouped and investigated by a modified mixed cell agglutination reaction(MCAR) for the detection of isoantigens A, B and O(H). Isoantigens were demonstrated in most of the normal and metaplastic epithelium. In dysplasia, the severer the degree, the more frequent the loss of isoantigen was detected. In cervical cancer, majority was negative for MCAR and this antigenic loss was more prominent in invasive carcinoma than in microinvasive and in situ carcinoma. In summary, general benign mucosa, less dysplastic change, in situ carcinoma and keratinizing invasive carcinoma were demonstrated higher frequencies of isoantigens as compared with their worse counterparts. Normal epithelium nearer to the tumor was detected frequent loss of antigenic properties and this might be helpful feature for presumptive diagnosis when diagnostic biopsy was failed to obtain the cancer tissue proper. This phenomenon suggested functional dedifferentiation preceding morphologic anaplasia as other reports suggested.

In order to know knowledge, attitude, and practice of rural housewives for vaccination; D.P.T., B.C.G., and Polio-Vaccine, a study was carried out from 1st of August to 15th of September, 1978 with questionaire for home visiting survey in the area of Eewang-Myun, Sihung Gun, Kzunggi Province. And the results were as follows: 1. Out of 250 housewives, 10.4% of them made correct answer that D.P.T, vaccine is effect for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus prevention, and the correct answer rate was 13.6% in the group of experienced and 0.0% in the group of no-experienced vaccination for children. 2. Out of 250 housewives, 33.6% made correct answer that B.C.G. vaccine is effect for tuberculosis prevention. And the correct answer rate was 39.8% in the group of experienced and 20.3% in the group of no-experienced vaccination for children. 3. Out of 250 housewives, 27.6% made correct answer that the number of base vaccination for poliomyelitis prevention is 3 times. And the correct answer rate was 27.6% in the group of experienced and 13.4% in the group of no-experienced vaccination for children. 4. The vaccination rate of 250 children aged under 6 years was 76.8% in D.PT., 68.4% in B.C.G., and 73.2% in Poliovaccine. 5. Out of 250 housewives, 41.6% of them used private clinics or hospitals for vaccination, 26.4% used health subcenter only, and 24.8% used both of private clinic and health subcenter.

The analysis of 100 patients of cogenital torticollis and the result of their conservative treatment are reported. The abnormalities of their neck were noticed by mothers within three months of infant life but mostly at three to four weeks. The ratio of male to female was 3:2 and incidence of right and left was 68 to 32. The mass located mostly(50%) at middle third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle belly. The prominence of incidence were noticed on the abnormality of fetal position in the uterus, mode of delivery and also on the baby of elderly primipara. 54 cases were breech and 13 cases were transverse position prenatally and 73 cases were delivered by forceps, vacuum and induction. The age of mother at delivery has close relationship between congenital torticollis with 47cases of them are born of 29~34 year old mother and primipara infants were 67cases. For the treatment, daily stretch exercises of affected sternocleidomastoid muscle were done by physical therapist for 20~30 times in two separate session. The effect can be noticed by the gradual correction of rotation deformity first and then the mass becomes soften and smaller. The next change is the correction of deviation deformity and the mass absorption. The result of complete cure in 10 weeks of treatment were 76 cases out of 100 patients. The remaining 21 cases required for 15 weeks of treatment and three cases were discontinued treatment by their parents. In conclusion the congenital torticollis can be treated effectively by stretch exercises when it began within three months of age of the patient. A hundred percent effect of cure may be obtained in 10 weeks of treatment in case of initial treatment is begun within four weeks of age and required for about 15 weeks of treatment on 4~12 weeks old infant.

The author reports a case of surgery-proved hypertrophic interstitial neuritis of cauda equina. The pathogenesis of the unique myelographic findings is described and illustrated. SUMMARY A case of surgery-proved hypertrophic interstitial neuritis of cauda equina is reported. The unique myelographic findings are illustrated. To the author's knowledge, no other condition produces these abnormalities.

Ependymal tumors are usually classified with the glial neoplasms of the nervous system. Ependymomas are the most frequent intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord and filum terminale. The authors describe a case of ependymoma arising in the conus medullaris and filum terminale.

A case of a huge, densely calcified chromophobe adenoma is reported with references reviewed.