, Jaehyun Kim Endocrine causes of pediatric hypertension are relatively rare but important because of their distinct treatment options. Adrenal diseases accompanied by an excess of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and catecholamines are major causes of endocrine hypertension. Typical causes of mineralocorticoid-related hypertension include primary aldosteronism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (11β- and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies), and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Cushing syndrome and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma are the primary causes of glucocorticoid- and catecholamine-related hypertension, respectively. This review provides an overview of the diagnostic evaluations, including hormonal assays and imaging studies, used to identify the underlying causes of pediatric endocrine hypertension, focusing on adrenal disorders. It presents details regarding the major adrenal disorders and recommended therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the importance of early detection and disease-specific management to prevent cardiovascular and metabolic complications in affected children.
Citations
, Jae Hyun Kim The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in youth, largely in correlation with an increase in childhood overweight and obesity. Youth-onset T2DM is a major public health concern worldwide, and tends to show more aggressive features than adult-onset T2DM. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the occurrence of complications and comorbidities. However, current treatment options are limited and only modestly successful in youth-onset T2DM. Over the last few decades, significant progress has been made in the understanding of youth-onset T2DM. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of T2DM in youth. (Ewha Med J 2022;45(3):e3)
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