This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits by maternal educational level and how the effect of maternal education changed between 2009 and 2019.

Using data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted between 2009 and 2019, we assessed the prevalence of each unhealthy dietary habit (insufficient consumption of milk and fruit/vegetable, breakfast-skipping, and frequent consumption of fast food, soft drinks, and instant noodles) and the prevalence difference between maternal middle/high school and college graduate groups in four periods. The models included maternal educational level, four periods and the interaction between them, sex, and grade. In addition, we estimated the ORs of unhealthy dietary habits between the two maternal educational groups at each period.

Throughout the study period, unhealthy dietary habits were consistently more prevalent among mothers with lower education levels. Between 2009–2010 and 2017–2019, the prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits increased, with a particular increase in that of frequent consumption of fast food and soft drink. The prevalence differentials between the middle school and college graduate group decreased or did not differ, while those between the high school and college graduate groups increased over time. A similar trend was observed in the relative scale.

Considering the increase in the prevalence of unhealthy dietary habits and the prevalence differentials by maternal educational level, targeted efforts are needed not only for all adolescents and their parents but also for those with low socioeconomic status to improve the dietary habits of adolescents.

Urolithiasis is the most common and important disease in the field of Urology, and recently the incidence of urolithiasis has increasing tendency according to the improvement of living condition in Korea. In the management of urolithiasis, open surgery was done mainly until several years ago. But not with the development of extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor (ESWL), endourology and other new instruments, the urolithiasis is easily treated, not surgically.

The author analyzed patients with urolithiasis who had been admitted to Ewha Womans University Hospital from April 1976 to December 1995 to know the change ofoccurrent trend and treatment for urolithiasis for the past 20 years.

The following results were obtained ;

1) During the periods, 3,069 cases were urolithiasis(31.1%) of the 9,868 total admitted patients in urology. The total number and rate of incidence were increased constantly especially until late eighties, but since the year of 1991 those were slightly decreased.

2) The sex ratio of male to female was not changed significantly. The occurrent rate under age of 20 years old was decreased but increased after 6th decades. The seasonal occurrence was the highest in summer until 1985, but after then there was no seasonal difference.

3) The incidence of ureter, bladder and urethral calculi was decreased but that of renal calculi was increased.

4) In the management, the open surgery and expectant therapy were decreased after October 1986, but the rate of nephrectomy was slightly increased. In endourological management, the success rate of ESWL, PNL and URS was 92.8%, 86.6% and 96.7% respectively.

For the past 20 years, the trend of urolithiasis was changed and modalities of treatment were changed, especially since the late of 1980s.