¹Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
²Department of Medicine, Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
³United Kingdom EQUATOR Centre, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
⁴Department of Clinical Research, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Odense and Cochrane Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
⁵Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
⁶Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
⁷Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
⁸Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
⁹Office of Science Dissemination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
¹⁰Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
¹¹JAMA Network Open, Chicago, IL, USA
¹²Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
¹³Child Health Evaluation Services, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
¹⁴Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
¹⁵Aberdeen Centre for Evaluation, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
¹⁶Project PINK BLUE-Health & Psychological Trust Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
¹⁷Department of Sociology and Gerontology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
¹⁸Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
¹⁹Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
²⁰Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
²¹Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
²²Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
²³Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
²⁴Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
²⁵MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
²⁶University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
²⁷NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
²⁸Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute-University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
²⁹The BMJ, BMA House, London, UK
³⁰Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
³¹Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
³²Clinical Trials Ontario, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
³³Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
³⁴Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
³⁵South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
³⁶Warwick Applied Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
³⁷MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit & Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
³⁸Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
³⁹St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
⁴⁰York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
⁴¹Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
⁴²Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Paris, France
⁴³Centre d’Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France

Corresponding author:  Sally Hopewell,
Email: sally.hopewell@csm.ox.ac.uk

Received: 7 May 2025   • Revised: 17 June 2025   • Accepted: 25 June 2025