¹Department of Emergency Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

²Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan

³MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁵Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

⁶Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan

⁷College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

⁸Toxicology Division, Emergency Department, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

Received: 24 April 2026   • Revised: 10 June 2026   • Accepted: 3 July 2026