Cystic lymphangioma is a very rare condition of unknown etiology. It is generally regarded as a developmental malformation in which obstruction or agenesis of lymphatic tissue results in lymphagi-ectasis secondary to lack of normal communication of the lymphatic system.

Most lymphagiomas occur in the neck(75%) and axillary region(20%). Lymphagiomas may rarely occur in the retroperitoneum, mediastinum and mesentery.

We report a case of 42-year-old woman with histologically proven cystic lymphagioma retroperitoneum.

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• Clinical Aspects of Intraabdominal Cystic Lymphangioma in Korea
  Woon-Tae Na, Tae-Hee Lee, Byung-Seok Lee, Seok-Hyun Kim, Hee-Bok Chae, Seok Bae Kim, Yong-Seok Kim, Sun-Moon Kim, Euyi-Hyeog Im, Kyu-Chan Huh, Young-Woo Choi, Young-Woo Kang
  The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2010; 56(6): 353.     CrossRef

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of late adultlife, majority of cases occuring in persons between ages of 50 and 70.

It occurs most frequently on the lower extremity followed by upper extremity and retroperitoneum.

Primary involvement of the kidney is quite rare, with only 19 cases reported in the literature.

We report a case of 74-year-old woman with histologically proven MFH of the right kidney.

Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder accounts for less than 1 per centof all primary bladder neoplasm. 19 cases have been reported in the literature.

This tumor is insidious because of its subepithelial infiltrative nature, which makes diagnosis possible only late in the course of the disease.

Survival is poor ; greater 50 per cent of the patients are dead within a year after diagnosis.Radical surgery offers the only hope of palliation ; irradiation and chemotherapy have notbeen effective.

We are reporting two cases of primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder treatedwith radical cystectomy with pathological findings and review of the literature.

The largest character of the modern society, so called the era of the information. is 'C&C'(Computer and communication). As the up-to-date science and new knowledges develope,so far there is increasement of the real necessity of the computer to use huge medical informationmore rapidly and effectively.

As the electronic industry is developed, it is possible to do a business with the personalcomputer(PC), which was possible only by a large-computer at past.

After the recognition of the rational inevitability of the business computerization, and ifsomeone looks for the sujects to computerize. they must choose the supervision of the clinicaldata about the in-patient first of all.

The patient supervising system should retain the databases which serve the reference functionto user's requirements. Under these purposes, it is very important to classify the cases dependingon the names of the diagnoses and operations, and easy and rapid recollect of the appropriatedata. And of course this system also be able to contribute to the research and education aswell as the preservation of the patient data.

So, we report the results of 2-year practice in urologic patient supervising program, whichwe enlighted for presenting the guidelines for Program making of the in-patinent data- supervi-sion and the standard for the mandatory clause and database files so that in order to gaugethe ability of the computerization of the patient supervision with PC from now on.

Ureteral obstruction is a common and important urologic disorder and may cause a hydronephrosis and result in the deterioration of renal function.

We made a clinical analysis on the cause and management of the 69 cases of the ureteral obstruction of the patients in the Department of Urology. Ewha Womans University Hospital during the period from January 1981 to December 1990.

The following results were obtained;

1) There were 36 cases(52.2%) of male and 33 cases(47.8%) of female and the major range of age distribution was between 30 decade to 50 decade, 45 cases(65.2%).

2) The level of obstruction was the upper ureter in 37 cases(51.4%), the mid in 2 cases(4.2%) and the lower in 32 cases(44.4%). The affected site was the right in 29 cases(40.3%), the left in 43 cases(59.7%) and the bilateral in 3 cases.

3) In etiology, 59 cases were caused by intrinsic factors, among which chronic inflammation of the ureter was the most common in 36 cases, and the extrinsic causative factors were found in 13 cases.

4) The degree of hydronephrosis was severe in 33 cases(45.8%), moderate in 22 cases(30.6%). mild in 6 cases(8.3%). and non-visualization of kidney in 11 cases (15.3%).

5) As the management of ureteral strictures. nephrectomy was done in 14 cases (19.4%). pyeloplasty in 11 cases(15.3%). ureteroneocystostomy in 5 cases (6.9%), segmental resection and end to end anastomosis in 8 cases(11.1%), ureteral dilation and stenting in 19 cases (26.4%) and percutaneous nephrostomy in 6 cases (8.3%).

6) The improvement of hydroncphrosis was observed in-85.7% on excretory urography, 6 months after treament.

Priapism is the pathologic prolongation of a penile erection most often associated with pain but not with sexual excitement or desire. Recently we experienced one case of priapism accompained by chromic myelocytic leukemia.

For treatment of priapism, cavernososponsiosal shunt, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with hydroxyurea were done.

Castleman's disease(Giant lymph node hyperplasia) is a disorder characterized by massive enlargement of lymph node in the mediastinum and occurs rarely in the neck, axillary area and abdomen. Giant lymph node hyperplasia was first described by Castleman in 1954. The Castleman's disease in the retropertoneum is the extremely rare disease according to the literatures.

The authors experienced a Castleman's disease in the retroperitoneum of 40 year old male patient who had been suffered from intermittent abdominal discomfort and indigestion. and so reported the case with thereview of the literatures.

Benign urethral neoplasm, especially leiornyoma of the female urethra, is a very rare entity, with relatively few cases reported.

Recently we experienced 3 cases of leiomyoma in the female urethra and so reported with review of the literatures.

Renal cysts are usually asymptomatic. produce no harm to the kidney and require no treatment.

Percutaneous cystic puncture is performed only for specific indications including the diagnosis of cysts which are indeterminated with ultrasonography or computerized tomography, and the treatment of symptomatic cysts. But simple aspiration of renal cysts frequently recurred. so a combination of aspiration and sclerotherapy with variable materials can be used.

We treated 12 cases of renal cyst with aspiration and selerothrapy with 95% ethanol without specific complications the last 33 months period between January 1988 and September 1990. Major(91.7%) of cases showed remarkable reduction in size of renal cyst or disappearance of cyst on follow-up ultrasonography.

Therfore aspiration and selerotherapy with 95% ethanol is safe and efficient for the treatment of simple renal cyst.

Treatment of benign urethral strictures frequently is difficult because of a high rate of recurrence.

In general electrocautery resection of fibrous scar tissue has been unsatisfactory. since the irregular thermal injury may only promote further scarring. Because of their unique physical properties and tissue effects lasers theoretically offer advantages over conventional techniques for treatment of urethral strictures. The thermal injury resulting from neodymium : YAG laser irradiation may heal with more elastic properties and less fibrous contraction than an electrocautery burn. Accordingly endoscopic application of laser energy could produce thermal coagulation of the fibrous area with a secondary slough of the scar tissue and re-epithelialization without scar.

A total of 19 cases with benign urethral strictures underwent treatment with circumferential application of neodymium : YAG laser irradration to the scarred area after endoscopic cold urethrotomy.

There were no adverse effects and although one patient suffered recurrent stricture within 2 months, the postoperative results were good in all patients including recurrent case.

We reviewd our experience with neodymium : YAG laser treatment of benign urethral strictures.

Urolithiasis is common but one the most important disease in the field of urology. Recently the incidence of urolithiasis is increasing according to the improvement of living standards in Korea. Althought the etiology and pathogenesis of urolithiasis are interactions of a very complex process ans has not yet been clearly established, it is believed that diet containing calcium, a one of the stone forming-components, such as milk may play a principle role in the stone formation.

We carried out epidemiologic study to determine the relationship between urilithiasis and dietary pattern changes to westernized food in Korean people. Comparision study was carried out between 1970s and 1980s.

The following results were obtained :

1) The yearly personal consumption of rice was not much changed in 1970s but in 1980s it continued to decrease. The yearly barley consumption continued to decrease after late 1970s, declining to level below 2kg in 1987.

2) The yearly personal comsumption of meat was not much changed upto mid 1970s but after 1977 it continueed to increase, showing 2.7 times increase in 1989 compared to that of 1977.

3) The yearly personal consumption of milk and dairy products was markedly increased ; 8.4 times in 1970s and 3.6 times in 1980s. In 1989 it increased 35.2 times compared to that of 1970.

4) Changes in the ratio of patients with urolithiasis to the total patients admitted to urologic department was not remarkable, but yearly, number of patients with urolithiasis continued to increase, especially from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. In 1970s the urolithiasis prevalence was highest in the regious such as Pusan, Kyungbook, Honam but in 1980s it changed its stage to Seoul.

5) Age distribution revealed under the age of 20, no specific changes were noted in both 1970s and 1980s. In 1970s urolithiasis patients over the age of 40 revealed high increase rate 3.4 times, but in 1980s age group over 40 only showed 1.6 times increase. to the surprise, age group between 20-40 showed 1.4 times increase, indicating not much differences between both age groups in patient numbers of increase rate.

6) Sex prevalence was greater in famale than male in both 1970s and 1980s.

7) Locational prevalence of urolithiasis showed increased rate of renal stone in both 1970s and 1980s. But that of bladder stone was not remarkable.

8) Seasonal prevalence revealed highest prevalence rate in summber and lowest in winter.

9) Through analysis of following factors ; higher living standards due to ecnomic growith, increased milk and meat concumption due to change in dietary pattern to westernized food, decrease carbohydrates such as rice and barley, we can conclude that dietary change is closely related to urolithiasis and its correlation is more significant in 1980s than 1970s.

Superfical bladder tumor can be easily treated by transurethral resection, but the recurrent rate is up to 40~70% and if recurred it is more invasive.

Lasers can not only destroy tumor tissuebut but also seal up vessels and lymphatics with vaporization and coagulation by virtue of the hyperthermic effect that can occur when intense energy of laser is absorbed and transformed into heat. So it is more effective and safe on treatment of superficial bladder tumor than eletric coagulation.

The authors used the Nd-YAG laser for the treatment of 70 patients with superficial bladder tumor and followed more than 12 months at Ewha Womans University hospital from Oct. 1985 to July 1987.

The following results were obtained ;

1) Patients' age ranged from 33 to 82 years(mean 57.1) 63 of 70 patients were male and 7 of those were female, Follow up interval ranged from 12 to 52 months(mean 29).

2) Average energy of application was 4,509 joules. Average energy application for single lesion less than 2 cm was 2,977 and that for multiple lesion or more than 2 cm was 16,231 joules, respectively. No spectively. No specific complications were observed.

3) Of 70 patients, 15 patients were recurred and the recurrent rate was 21.4%. The range or currence interval was 3 to 37 months(average 12.1).

4) Of the recurred patients, 73.3% of all cases was recurred within one year. Two cases were progressive to invasive type.

5) Grade was more important factor than stage recurred rate and time.

Recurrence rate by grade was 20% in grade II and 50% in grade III. And recurrence interval by grade were 13.5 month in grade II and 4.7 month in grade III respectively.

We concluded that Neodymium-YAG laser was excellent and safe on treatment of superficial bladder tumor.

Cholesteatoma is a form of squamous metaplasia resulting in a collection of keratin composed of desquamated epithelial cells and occurs extremely rarely in the urinary tract.

Cholesteatoma of the renal plvis was first described by Ebstein in 1982. Since the fewer than 30 cases have been reported until now in the literatures.

The authors experienced a cholesteatoma of the renal pelvis in 42 years old female patient who had been suffered from intermittent right flank pain, and reported the case with review of the literatures.

Retrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly that occurs is patients almost exclusively on the right side. The usual cause is the persistence of fetal posterior cardinal vein, then the ureter passes posterior to the vena cava and is deviated medially as the vena cava migrates medially to its normal position. This produces the typical S-shaped configuration of retrocaval ureter. Since 1983, when Hochstetter first described this condition. about 200 cases have been reported(8 cases in Korea).

Herein we will report on 2 cases with the brief review of literatures.

Primary non-refluxing, non-obstructed megaureter is a rare condition among the megaureter.

A 11 month old monozygote twin baby had been admitted due to blood and pus tinged spotson a diaper. Although the excretory urogram showed moderately dilated left ureter, but the voiding cystogram and diruetic renogram showed no reflux and no obstruction. So we diagnosed as a primary non-refluxing, non-obstructed megaureter.

We report this case with the review of literatures.

We observed one case of giant hydronephrosis, containing 7,500cc of urine. It was caused by stricture at uretero-pelvic junction and confirmed with retrograde pyeloureterogram.

Herein we reported this case with a review of the literatures.

Primary tumors of the ureter are uncommon neoplasms, accounted for about 1 per cent of all urinary malignant lesions. Recently, the number of reported cases had increased.

We observed one case of primary ureteral tumor in 74 year-old male patient. The treatment was done by complete nephroureterectomy with an excision of a cuff of bladder wall around the ureteral orifice.

Herein we reported a case of primary ureteral tumor with a review of the literatures.